A Short History of Special Education

A Short History of Special Education

Education - Possibly the longest and most pervasive issue in special education, as well as my own mission in education, is special education's relationship to global education. History has given that this has never happened an easy clear cut relationship between the two. There has been a lot of giving and receiving or maybe I should say drawing and pushing when it comes to educational policy, and the educational practices and services of education and special education by the human instructors who perform those services on both sides of the aisle, like me.

Over the last 20+ years, I have been on both sides of the study. I have seen and felt what it was like to be a regular mainstream educator dealing with special education policy, personal education students and their specific teachers. I have also been on the special education side trying to get regular education teachers to work more effectively with my special education students through changing their instruction and elements and having a little more poise and empathy.

Besides, I have been a mainstream regular education professor who taught regular study inclusion classes trying to figure out how to best work with some new special education teacher in my class and his or her exceptional education students as well. And, in reverse, I have been a special education composition teacher intruding on the territory of some regular education teachers with my special education students and the modifications I thought these teachers should implement. I can tell you first-hand that none of this give and take between special education and general education has been easy. Nor do I see this pushing and stretching matching easy anytime soon.

So, what is special education? And what makes it so special and yet so difficult and controversial sometimes? Well, special education, as its name implies, is a specialized branch of education. its legend genealogy to such people as Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard (1775-1838), the practitioner who "tamed" the "wild boy of Aveyron," and Anne Sullivan Macy (1866-1936), the teacher who "operated miracles" with Helen Keller.

Special instructors teach students who have environmental, cognitive, language, learning, sensory, and/or emotional abilities that deviate from those of the general population. Special educators provide instruction specifically tailored to meet individualized requirements. These teachers primarily make education more available and accessible to students who differently would have limited access to education due to whatever limitation they are struggling with.

It's not just the teachers though who play a part in the history of special education in this nation. Physicians and ministry, including Itard- mentioned above, Edouard O. Seguin (1812-1880), Samuel Gridley Howe (1801-1876), and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (1787-1851) wanted to improve the inattentive, often abusive treatment of individuals with disabilities. Sadly, education in this country was, more often than not, very negligent and abusive when dealing with students that are different somehow.

There is even a rich history in our nation that describes the treatment provided to individuals with disabilities in the 1800s and early 1900s. Sadly, in these stories, as well as in the real world, the segment of our population with disabilities was often confined in jails and almshouses without decent food, clothing, personal hygiene, and exercise.

A History Education

For an example of this unusual treatment in our history, one needs to look no further than Tiny Tim in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol (1843). In addition, various times people with disabilities were often portrayed as villains, such as in the book Captain Hook in J.M. Barrie's "Peter Pan" in 1911.

The current view of the authors of this time period was that one should submit to misfortunes, both as a form of obedience to God's will, and because these seeming misfortunes are ultimately intended for one's own good. Progress for our people with inabilities was hard to come by at this time with this way of thinking permeating our society, literature, and thinking.

So, what was a community to do about these people of misfortune? Well, as much of the nineteenth time, and first in the twentieth, specialists believed individuals with disabilities were best treated in residential facilities in rural environments. An out of sight out of mind kind of thing, if you will...

However, by the end of the nineteenth century, the size of these institutions had increased so dramatically that the goal of recovery for people with disabilities just wasn't working. Institutions became instruments for permanent segregation.

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